Environment and Breast Cancer: Science Review

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Key References
Abbreviations
 

vinylidene chloride
CAS RN 75-35-4

Chemical Summary
Exposure and Risk Assessment
Cancer Studies
 


Cancer studies: Mammary gland tumors
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Originating list
The list(s) or database(s) in which the chemical was identified as showing an increase in mammary gland tumors. CPDB: Carcinogenic Potency Database, IARC: International Agency for Research on Chemicals Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man summaries, NTP TR: National Toxicology Program (NTP) Technical Reports, NTP 11ROC: NTP 11th Report on Carcinogens, CCRIS: Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information Service.
Carcinogenicity Potency Database, IARC Monographs, Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System
Mammary gland tumor summary
A summary of findings related to mammary gland tumors, most often excerpted from IARC Monographs or the NTP 11th ROC, and, in some cases, supplemented by our evaluation of individual studies and reviews, is available for the priority chemicals and 67 others.
Mammary gland tumors were observed in some studies but did not show dose-response relationships. Vinylidene chloride has structural similarity to other mammary gland carcinogens. An NTP study of vinylidene chloride did not find mammary gland tumors.
Citations to review sources and individual studies reporting mammary gland tumors are listed below.
Citation
Source Type
Notes
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man.VOL.: 71 (1999) (p. 1163)
Review
In inhalation studies, increases in mammary carcinomas in female mice observed: IARC (1986) IARC 1968: Inhalation study mammary tumors observed in 4.9% of females [Working Group noted: no statistical analysis provided, details on survival and the absolute tumour data were not reported. Also, the time of appearance of tumours was not reported and no appropriate statistical analysis, taking into account the survival, was performed]: Cotti (1988) IARCvol.39 (1986), Maltoni et.al. 1985, Maltoni et al. 1984
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol71/volume71.p...
Carcinogenic Potency Database 2005. Gold LS ST, Manley NB, Garfinkel GB, Ames BN. Summary Table by Chemical of Carcinogenicity Results in CPDB on 1485 Chemicals. 2005
Review
Three of six studies report mammary tumors: Maltoni 1985, Quast 1983, Quast 1986. Three studies did not show mammary tumors: NTP TR228, Lee 1978, and Hong 1981.
http://potency.berkeley.edu/pdfs/ChemicalTable.pdfpotency...
Maltoni C, Lefemine, G., Cotti, G., Chieco, P., and Patella, V. Experimental research on vinylidene chloride carcinogenesis. Arch. Res. Ind. Carcinog. 1985;3:1-229.
Primary Literature

experimental details
Increased malignant mammary tumors in mice inhalation experiments and in mixed mammary tumors in rat inhalation studies. Gavage studies and hamster studies showed no increase in mammary tumors. Exp 1: females: 61/98, 28/30, 21/30, 23/30, 25/30, 44/59 (T not calc by CPDB); males 11/83, 4/29, 4/27, 7/30, 5/30, 8/59 (T not calculated by CPDB) mixed mammary tumors Exp 3: lower than controls Exp 4: same levels as controls, females ~ 46% Exp 5: no mammary tumors in hamsters noted Exp 6: female embryos, same as or less than controls; male embryos 11/156, 3/59 (15 wks), 7/61 (104 wks); female breeders 24/60, 29/54 (104 wks) (T not calc by CPDB) mixed Exp 2a, females: 2/98, 6/30*, 4/30* (T not calc by CPDB) mixed, mostly adenocarcinoma Exp 2b, females: 1/89, 12/119* T+ mixed. Mostly adenocarcinomas
Hong CB, Winston JM, Thornburg LP, Lee CC, JS WS. Follow-up study on the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride in rats and mice: tumor incidence and mortality subsequent to exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health 1981;7(6):909-24.
Primary Literature
A study listed by CPDB 2005 that did not report mammary tumors.
Lee CC, Bhandari JC, Winston JM, House WB, Dixon RL, Woods JS. Carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. J Toxicol Environ Health 1978;4(1):15-30.
Primary Literature
A study listed by CPDB 2005 that did not report mammary tumors.
Cotti G, Maltoni C, Lefemine G. Long-term carcinogenicity bioassy on vinylidene chloride administered by inhalation to Sprague-Dawley rats. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1988;534:160-168.
Primary Literature
Maltoni C, Cotti G, Chieco P. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity bioassays of vinylidene chloride. Acta oncol. 1984;5:91-145.
Primary Literature
National Toxicology Program Technical Report 228, 1982
Primary Literature
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr228.pdf
Quast JF, Humiston CG, Wade CE, Ballard J, Beyer JE, Schwetz RW, et al. A chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study in rats and subchronic toxicity study in dogs on ingested vinylidene chloride. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1983;3(1):55-62.
Primary Literature
Quast JF, McKenna MJ, Rampy LW, Norris JM. Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study on inhaled vinylidene chloride in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986;6(1):105-44.
Primary Literature
National Toxicology Program 11th Report on Carcinogens, Table 1. Chemicals nominated to the National Toxicology Program for in-depth toxicological evaluation for carcinogenesis testing in fiscal years 1988-2003.
Review
Nominated by ATSDR 2002. Rationale: Inadequate information on health effects of a hazardous substance found at a National Priorities List waste site. Current NTP Status: Nominated for toxicity testing; under review.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/tab1.pdf