Environment and Breast Cancer: Science Review

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Key References
Abbreviations
 

vinyl chloride
CAS RN 75-01-4

Chemical Summary
Exposure and Risk Assessment
Cancer Studies
 


Cancer studies: Mammary gland tumors
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Originating list
The list(s) or database(s) in which the chemical was identified as showing an increase in mammary gland tumors. CPDB: Carcinogenic Potency Database, IARC: International Agency for Research on Chemicals Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man summaries, NTP TR: National Toxicology Program (NTP) Technical Reports, NTP 11ROC: NTP 11th Report on Carcinogens, CCRIS: Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information Service.
Carcinogenicity Potency Database, IARC Monographs, National Toxicology Program 11th Report on Carcinogens, Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System
Mammary gland tumor summary
A summary of findings related to mammary gland tumors, most often excerpted from IARC Monographs or the NTP 11th ROC, and, in some cases, supplemented by our evaluation of individual studies and reviews, is available for the priority chemicals and 67 others.
NTP 11th ROC: In mice of both sexes, vinyl chloride caused mammary-gland tumors. In rats, vinyl chloride caused mammary-gland tumors in females. In hamsters, vinyl chloride caused mammary gland tumors in females.
Citations to review sources and individual studies reporting mammary gland tumors are listed below.
Citation
Source Type
Notes
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man.VOL.: 19 (1979) Vinyl Chloride and Polymers.
Review
mouse inhalation Maltoni 1977, Maltoni 1974 mouse inhalation Keplinger 1975 mouse inhalation 1/48, 1/24, 4/24? mammary tumors Holmberg 1976 mouse inhalation not dre Lee 1977, 1978 Maltoni C 1974 Maltoni C. 1977 Keplinger et al., 1975 Holmberg et al.,1976 Lee et al., 1977 Lee CC, Bhandari JC, Winston JM, House WB, Dixon RL, Woods JS. Carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1978 Jan;4(1):15-30. STILL NEED TO ENTER THIS ONE
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol19/volume19.p...
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man.VOL.: Supplement 7 (1987) (p. 373) Vinyl Chloride.
Review
When administered orally or by inhalation to mice, rats and hamsters, produced tumors in the mammary gland. References: -IARC 1974, 1979 -Hong, C.B., (1981) (mentions mammary tumors in abstract) -Feron, et al., 1981 -Hehir et al., 1981 -Maltoni, C., Lefemine, G., et al., 1981 -Drew et al., 1983 -Suzuki 1983 -Groth et al., 1981
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol7/volume7.pdf...
Carcinogenic Potency Database 2005. Gold LS ST, Manley NB, Garfinkel GB, Ames BN. Summary Table by Chemical of Carcinogenicity Results in CPDB on 1485 Chemicals. 2005
Review
Three of seven studies report mammary tumors: Drew 1983, Hong 1981/1980, Maltoni 1984-1977a/1981. Four studies did not show mammary tumors: Maltoni 1988/1984, Radike 1981, Feron 1979/1979a, Bi 1985.
http://potency.berkeley.edu/pdfs/ChemicalTable.pdfpotency...
National Toxicology Program 11th Report on Carcinogens. Vinyl Chloride
Review
Exposure by inhalation or oral administration caused mammary gland tumors in mice of both sexes, in female rats, and in female hamsters (IARC 1979, 1987).
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s186vi...
Drew RT, Boorman GA, Haseman JK, McConnell EE, Busey WM, Moore JA. The effect of age and exposure duration on cancer induction by a known carcinogen in rats, mice, and hamsters. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1983;68(1):120-30.
Primary Literature
Hong CB, Winston JM, Thornburg LP, Lee CC, JS WS. Follow-up study on the carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride in rats and mice: tumor incidence and mortality subsequent to exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health 1981;7(6):909-24.
Primary Literature
Maltoni C, Lefemine, G., Ciliberti, A., Cotti, G., and Carretti, D. Experimental research on vinyl chloride carcinogenesis. Arch. Res. Ind. Carcinog. 1984;2:1-533. Review 1.
Primary Literature

experimental details
yes- updated in 1988 paper.
Bi WF, Wang YS, Huang MY, Meng DS. Effect of vinyl chloride on testis in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 1985;10(3):281-9.
Primary Literature
A study listed by CPDB 2005 that did not report mammary tumors.
Feron VJ, Kroes R. One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. II. Morphological changes in the respiratory tract, ceruminous glands, brain, kidneys, heart and spleen. Toxicology 1979;13(2):131-41.
Primary Literature
A study listed by CPDB 2005 that did not report mammary tumors.
Maltoni C, Cotti G. Carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride in Sprague-Dawley rats after prenatal and postnatal exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;534:145-59.
Primary Literature
A study listed by CPDB 2005 that did not report mammary tumors. Updates the Maltoni book. 1984
Radike MJ, Stemmer KL, Bingham E. Effect of ethanol on vinyl chloride carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect 1981;41:59-62.
Primary Literature
A study listed by CPDB 2005 that did not report mammary tumors.
Feron VJ, Hendriksen CF, Speek AJ, Til HP, Spit BJ. Lifespan oral toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1981;19(3):317-33.
Primary Literature
From IARC, positive for mammary tumors. Review in progress, positive for mammary tumors. Review in progress.
Groth DH, Coate WB, Ulland BM, Hornung RW. Effects of aging on the induction of angiosarcoma. Environ Health Perspect 1981;41:53-7.
Primary Literature
From IARC, review postponed.
Hehir RM, McNamara BP, McLaughlin J, Jr., Willigan DA, Bierbower G, Hardisty JF. Cancer induction following single and multiple exposures to a constant amount of vinyl chloride monomer. Environ Health Perspect 1981;41:63-72.
Primary Literature
From IARC, review postponed.
Holmberg B, Kronevi T, Winell M. The pathology of vinyl chloride exposed mice. Acta Vet Scand 1976;17(3):328-42.
Primary Literature
From IARC, review postponed.
Keplinger ML, Goode JW, Gordon DE, Calandra JC. Interim results of exposure of rats, hamsters, and mice to vinyl chloride. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975;246:219-24.
Primary Literature
From IARC, review postponed.
Lee CC, Bhandari JC, Winston JM, House WB, Peters PJ, Dixon RL, et al. Inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. Environ Health Perspect 1977;21:25-32.
Primary Literature
From IARC, review postponed.
Lee, C. C., Bhandari, J. C., Winston, J. M., House, W. B., Dixon, R. L., and Woods, J. S. Carcinogenicity of vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 4: 15-30(1978).
Primary Literature
From IARC, review postponed.
Maltoni C, Lefemine G, Chieco P, Carretti D. Vinyl chloride carcinogenesis: current results and perspectives. Med Lav 1974;65(11-12):421-44.
Primary Literature
From IARC, positive for mammary tumors. Review in progress. Animal data reviewed in Maltoni 1984.
Maltoni C, Lefemine G, Ciliberti A, Cotti G, Carretti D. Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride monomer: a model of risk assessment on an experimental basis. Environ Health Perspect 1981;41:3-29.
Primary Literature
From IARC, positive for mammary tumors. Review in progress. Animal data reviewed in Maltoni 1984.
Maltoni C. Recent findings on the carcinogenicity of chlorinated olefins. Environ Health Perspect 1977;21:1-5.
Primary Literature
From IARC, positive for mammary tumors. Review in progress. Animal data reviewed in Maltoni 1984.
Suzuki Y. Neoplastic effect of vinyl chloride in mouse lung--lower doses and short-term exposure. Environ Res 1983;32(1):91-103.
Primary Literature
From IARC, review postponed.
National Toxicology Program 11th Report on Carcinogens, Table 1. Chemicals nominated to the National Toxicology Program for in-depth toxicological evaluation for carcinogenesis testing in fiscal years 1988-2003.
Review
Not nominated for NTP testing in 1998-2003.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/tab1.pdf